Medical sources & methodology
Sources checked October 27, 2026 · Just Hale LLC
Every health statement Hale shows — chat answers, insights, Digital Twin projections, Protocols, the weekly digest and the explanations on My Data — carries a Sources control linking to pages from the public-health and clinical authorities listed here. This page explains how Hale's information is produced and lists every source in the library (140 pages, each checked on October 27, 2026).
Methodology
What Hale is. Hale is an educational wellness tool for adults. It is not a medical device, it does not diagnose, treat or monitor any condition, and nothing in it replaces a clinician. Use what Hale shows to understand your numbers and to prepare better questions — and confirm anything you plan to act on with a licensed healthcare professional. In an emergency, call your local emergency number.
Where the information comes from. Hale's answers are written by an AI model run by Hale's AI provider, Anthropic, from what you share with Hale (your markers, your history, what you tell it) and general medical knowledge. Under each answer, insight, projection and plan, Sources lists pages from the public-health and clinical authorities in the library below — NIH's MedlinePlus and institutes, the CDC, the FDA, the WHO, health.gov, NICE, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and peer-reviewed reviews on PubMed Central. Hale's server picks them by matching the topic of the question, the answer and your markers to this library; the AI never writes the links. A source is background reading on the topic from an authority, not a check of every sentence, and an AI answer can still be wrong or incomplete. Research mode also searches the web and lists the pages it read.
Typical ranges on My Data. The in-range and out-of-range flags use general adult reference ranges of the kind explained on the MedlinePlus test pages below. Labs use different methods and ranges, so the range printed on your own report — and your clinician's reading of it — come first. A flag means "worth asking about", not a diagnosis.
Insights and the weekly digest. Insights describe how your own readings have moved over time. The weekly digest's numbers — which markers moved, and how much of each pillar you ticked — are computed by Hale from your data; the AI writes only the headline and one suggestion, and a suggestion that names a dose or breaks the limits you gave Hale is removed before you see it.
How a Digital Twin projection is made. You describe a change and a number of weeks. An AI model drafts how each of your markers would likely move, from your current values, your profile and what published evidence says such a change typically does over that time. A second, separate AI review pass then checks each direction and size against that evidence and tones down anything overstated. The confidence shown is the model's own judgement, not a statistical interval, and the Twin is not a validated clinical prediction model: a projection is an estimate to weigh and to discuss with a clinician, not a forecast of your body.
How a Protocol is built. A Protocol is a week of concrete actions across training, nutrition, recovery and a fourth pillar, written by an AI model from your markers, your goal and your profile, and anchored to public guidance such as the Physical Activity Guidelines and the Dietary Guidelines. A second AI pass reviews it for safety and against the limits you set before you approve it. Supplements are educational only: Hale never gives a dose, never sells anything, and asks you to check any supplement with a clinician or pharmacist first, especially alongside a medicine or a condition.
Hale on Apple Watch. The Watch's health review and Ask Hale are written the same way as chat, from the same account data, and end with the publishers they draw on. On Apple Watch, each answer names its sources; the links themselves are here and in Hale on your iPhone, under Help & Guide › Medical sources & methodology.
Limits. AI output can be incorrect, out of date or wrong for you. Hale does not know your full medical history, and the readings it sees can be mistyped, misread from a photo or measured by a consumer device with its own error. The links below were checked on October 27, 2026; if one stops working, tell us at hello@allhale.app.
The source library
Reading your results and talking to a clinician
- How to Understand Your Lab Results — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Talking With Your Doctor — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Evaluating Health Information — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Laboratory Tests — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Fasting for a Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Cholesterol and lipids
- Cholesterol Levels — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- LDL: The "Bad" Cholesterol — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- HDL: The "Good" Cholesterol — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Triglycerides Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Lipoprotein (a) Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Blood Cholesterol — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)
- How to Lower Cholesterol — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Heart and blood pressure
- Measuring Blood Pressure — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- High Blood Pressure — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)
- About High Blood Pressure — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Pulse — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vital signs — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Blood sugar and metabolism
- Blood Glucose Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Insulin in Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Hypoglycemia — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
- Insulin Resistance & Prediabetes — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
- Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening (USPSTF recommendation) — U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
- Diabetes Testing — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Type 2 diabetes in adults: management — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)
Blood counts, vitamins and minerals
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin D Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin B Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Ferritin Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Iron Tests — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Hemoglobin Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Hematocrit Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Magnesium Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Homocysteine Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Sodium Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Potassium Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Thyroid and hormones
- TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Thyroxine (T4) Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Thyroid Tests — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
- Testosterone Levels Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Estrogen Levels Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Cortisol Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- SHBG Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- DHEA Sulfate Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Prolactin Levels — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Liver and kidneys
- Albumin Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Liver Function Tests — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- ALT Blood Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- AST Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Creatinine Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and GFR Tests — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Chronic Kidney Disease Tests & Diagnosis — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
- Uric Acid Test — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Gout Symptoms, Causes, & Risk Factors — National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH)
Activity and fitness
- Adult Activity: An Overview — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans — U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (health.gov)
- Physical activity — World Health Organization
- Exercise and Physical Fitness — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Sleep, breathing and temperature
- How Much Sleep Is Enough? — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- About Sleep — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Healthy Sleep — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep — National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH)
- Sleep Apnea — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- Pulse Oximetry — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Pulse Oximeters — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Body temperature norms — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Body composition and hydration
- Aim for a Healthy Weight — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)
- About Body Mass Index (BMI) — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Understanding Adult Overweight & Obesity — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)
- Obesity and overweight — World Health Organization
- Water in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- About Water and Healthier Drinks — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Electrolytes — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Nutrition, alcohol and caffeine
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans — U.S. Departments of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services
- Healthy diet — World Health Organization
- Nutrition — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Protein in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Fiber — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Carbohydrates — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Sweeteners - sugars — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Sodium in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Heart disease and diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vegetarian diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Caffeine in the diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Intermittent Fasting and Obesity-Related Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Rethinking Drinking — National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH)
- About Moderate Alcohol Use — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Alcohol use and safe drinking — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
Stress and recovery
- I'm So Stressed Out! Fact Sheet — National Institute of Mental Health (NIH)
- Stress and your health — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Relaxation Techniques: What You Need To Know — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Meditation and Mindfulness: Effectiveness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
Supplements
- Dietary Supplements — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Using Dietary Supplements Wisely — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Dietary Supplements — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamins — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin D — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin B12 — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin B6 — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Folic acid in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin C — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin K — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin E — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Vitamin A — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Magnesium in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Iron in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Zinc in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Calcium in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Potassium in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Selenium in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Iodine in diet — MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Omega-3 Supplements: What You Need To Know — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance — peer-reviewed article in PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH)
- Melatonin: What You Need To Know — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Probiotics: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Ashwagandha: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Green Tea: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Valerian: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Chamomile: Usefulness and Safety — National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)
- Coenzyme Q10 — National Cancer Institute (NIH)
- Medication Health Fraud — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Prescription and compounded products
- Human Drug Compounding — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Not medical advice. Hale is an educational wellness tool for adults 18 and older. See the Medical Disclaimer.